What does hypertonic refer to in relation to solutions?

Hypertonic refers to solutions that have a greater concentration of solutes compared to another solution, typically across a semipermeable membrane. In biological contexts, this often relates to the concentrations of solutes outside a cell compared to the inside. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell to balance the solute concentrations, leading to cell shrinkage or crenation.

The understanding of hypertonic solutions is crucial in various medical and laboratory settings, particularly when determining the effects of osmotic pressure on cells and tissues. Recognizing hypertonicity aids in the preparation of intravenous fluids and understanding cellular responses in different environments.

In contrast, solutions with equal solute concentrations are known as isotonic, while those with a lower concentration of solutes are termed hypotonic. Solutions with no solutes present would not be classified under hypertonic or any related terminology, as they lack solute concentration entirely.